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guided by high con dence is problematic if the highly con dent of cer is not accurate Stakes As I already mentioned, in lie detection studies observers are typically exposed to senders who lied or told the truth for the sake of the experiment One could argue that such studies do not accurately measure police of cers ability to detect deceit, for example, because the stakes for senders in such studies are much lower than the stakes for suspects during their police interviews Given the problems of introducing high stakes in laboratory settings ( 3) one could argue that the only valid way to investigate police of cers true ability to detect deception is to examine their skills when they detect truths and lies told in reallife criminal investigation settings We did exactly this in a series of lie detection experiments All studies in Table 6.

x environment, then any DTOs that are not explicitly conveyed across the network can be eliminated by using the Local Motion refactoring..

3 marked with a are studies in which police of cers were asked to distinguish between truths and lies told in real-life high-stakes situations In several studies, police of cers were shown videotaped fragments of police interviews with suspects accused of crimes such as murder, arson, and rape (Mann & Vrij, 2006; Mann, Vrij, & Bull, 2004, 2006; Mann et al, 2007; Vrij, Mann, Robbins, & Robinson, 2006) The fragments were derived from Mann, Vrij, and Bull s (2002) analysis of real-life police suspect interviews described in more detail in 3 Those studies showed relatively high total accuracy rates (ranging from 65% to 72%) suggesting that police of cers are reasonably accurate at detecting high-stakes truths and lies However, one should be cautious when drawing this conclusion.

In another study (Vrij & Mann, 2001b), we exposed police of cers to videotaped press conferences of people who were asking the general public for help in nding their missing relatives or information about the murderers of their relatives They all lied during these press conferences and they were all subsequently found guilty of having killed the missing person themselves The police of cers performed at the level of chance in this study (51% accuracy rate) Finally, we showed police of cers fragments of the interview with a convicted murderer (Vrij & Mann, 2001a), whose case was described in detail in 3 Police of cers classi ed a relatively high number of truths correctly (70%), but their lie detection performance was moderate (57%)18 The ndings.

a test validated as accurate for its speci ed purpose without having a complete theoretical understanding of the underlying theoretical constructs (Raskin & Honts, 2002, p 2) I think this point of view is problematic as I discuss later on in this chapter Lack of incorporation of psychological knowledge in the CQT protocol Several scholars report that CQT polygraphers fail to incorporate in their protocol psychological knowledge gained over the years (Fiedler, Schmid, & Stahl, 2002; Mitchell, 2002; National Research Council, 2003) It is believed that this is the result of only a few scientists being actively engaged in research on physiological lie detection (Iacono, 2000; National Research Council, 2003) With regard to knowledge that is disregarded, Fiedler et al (2002) refer to literature that suggests that preceding questions codetermine the meaning or interpretation of subsequent questions.

Chesher, A and Nesheim, L (2006) Review of the literature on the statistical properties of linked datasets Department of Trade and Industry Occasional Paper, No 3 Retrieved January 2, 2008, from http://wwwberrgovuk/files/file24832pdf Cohen, S B (2004) Integrated survey designs: a framework for nonresponse bias reduction through the linkage of surveys, administrative and secondary data Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Working Paper, No 04001, http://wwwahrqgov Cruddas, M (2007, 11 May) Combining data: developing a centre in Methodology Directorate to meet the challenges Paper presented to the 12th Meeting of the UK National Statistics Methodology Advisory Committee, London Department of Work and Pensions (2008) Work and Pensions Longitudinal Study Background Information Retrieved January 2, 2008, from wwwdwpgovuk/asd/longitudinal_study/ ic_longitudinal_studyasp Dex, S (1995) The reliability of recall data: a literature review, Bulletin de Me thodologie Sociologique, 49, 58 89 Dezateux, C.